Class 10 Science – Chapter 3: Metals and Non-metals- Notes

 

🔹 Introduction

In our daily lives, we use many materials like iron, copper, aluminum, sulfur, etc. These are either metals or non-metals.

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🔧 Metals – Characteristics

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🌱 Non-Metals – Characteristics

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⚗️ Reactivity Series

Reactivity series is the arrangement of metals in order of decreasing reactivity.

      K > Na > Ca > Mg > Al > Zn > Fe > Pb > Cu > Hg > Ag > Au 

Highly Reactive: K > Na > Ca > Mg > Al
Moderate: Zn > Fe > Pb
Less Reactive: Cu > Hg > Ag > Au

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🧪 Chemical Properties of Metals

1. Reaction with Oxygen:

   • Metal + Oxygen → Metal Oxide

   • E.g., 4Na + O₂ → 2Na₂O

2. Reaction with Water:

   • Metal + Water → Metal Hydroxide + Hydrogen

   • E.g., 2K + 2H₂O → 2KOH + H₂↑

3. Reaction with Acids:

   • Metal + Acid → Salt + Hydrogen

   • E.g., Zn + H₂SO₄ → ZnSO₄ + H₂↑

4. Reaction with Salt Solutions:

   • A more reactive metal displaces a less reactive one.

   • E.g., Fe + CuSO₄ → FeSO₄ + Cu

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⚗️ Chemical Properties of Non-Metals

• Usually gain electrons.

• React with hydrogen to form covalent compounds.

• Do not react with dilute acids.

• E.g., S + O₂ → SO₂

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🧲 Uses of Metals and Non-Metals

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✅ Key Points to Remember

• Metals are good conductors, malleable, ductile.

• Non-metals are brittle and poor conductors.

• Displacement reactions help determine reactivity.

• Metals form basic oxides; non-metals form acidic oxides.